Cell Signalling Biology Clear science, from cell to signal.

Cell Signalling Biology

Clear science, from cell to signal.

Latest Articles

The Prostate's Listening Switch: Testosterone, the Androgen Receptor and the Logic of Blockade
Disease Mechanisms

The Prostate's Listening Switch: Testosterone, the Androgen Receptor and the Logic of Blockade

Movember 2026 turns attention to prostate cancer, but the biology beneath the campaign begins with a molecular switch: the androgen receptor. This explainer follows testosterone from the bloodstream into prostate cells, examines how the receptor rewrites gene transcription, and considers why blocking the signal is both a powerful therapy and a problem that cancer learns to circumvent.
The Weekly Hold: How GLP-1 Medicines Extend a Gut Signal Beyond the Meal
Pharmacology Explainers

The Weekly Hold: How GLP-1 Medicines Extend a Gut Signal Beyond the Meal

A meal normally produces a brief burst of GLP-1 from the gut lining, enough to soften appetite and prepare the body for glucose. Weekly injections of semaglutide or tirzepatide turn that fleeting message into a sustained pharmacological signal. This explainer traces the incretin pathway from L-cells to the hypothalamus and considers what changes when the signal is held on for days rather than minutes.
After the Last Rocket: How Bonfire Smoke Keeps Airway Signalling on Edge
Disease Mechanisms

After the Last Rocket: How Bonfire Smoke Keeps Airway Signalling on Edge

Bonfire Night smoke does more than irritate the lungs. Fine particulate matter engages epithelial sensors, macrophages and vagal nerves, leaving asthmatic and COPD airways in a heightened signalling state for days. This explainer traces the molecular aftermath and separates evidence-based advice from hopeful guesswork.
The Fourth Kilometre Problem: Lactate's Second Career as a Cellular Messenger
Metabolic Signalling

The Fourth Kilometre Problem: Lactate's Second Career as a Cellular Messenger

Every Saturday morning, thousands of runners meet a familiar stretch of discomfort somewhere around the fourth kilometre. Lactate is usually blamed. The biology is more interesting: lactate is a fuel, a shuttle and a signal, moving between muscle fibres, the liver and the brain. This explainer follows its journey and asks what the parkrun 'wall' can teach students about metabolic communication.
The Osmotic Ledger: Tea, Thirst and the Cellular Bookkeeping of Water
Pharmacology Explainers

The Osmotic Ledger: Tea, Thirst and the Cellular Bookkeeping of Water

A mug of tea is a small domestic ritual and a precise physiological experiment. This explainer follows water from the kettle to the kidney, tracing how osmoreceptors, vasopressin and aquaporin-2 channels keep the body's osmotic ledger in balance, and why moderate tea drinking is not the dehydrating villain it is sometimes made out to be.
The Borrowed Hours: Caffeine, Adenosine Receptors and the Biology of Feeling Awake
Pharmacology Explainers

The Borrowed Hours: Caffeine, Adenosine Receptors and the Biology of Feeling Awake

Caffeine is the most widely consumed psychoactive substance in Britain, yet its effects are best understood not as stimulation but as interception. This explainer follows a cup of tea from the mug to adenosine receptors, second messengers and neuronal firing, and considers what tolerance and timing mean for sleep pressure.
One Hormone, Many Directions: The Auxin Story Behind Every Leaning Windowsill Plant
Plant Signalling

One Hormone, Many Directions: The Auxin Story Behind Every Leaning Windowsill Plant

On a summer evening in a pub garden, shoots lean imperceptibly towards the last of the light. Behind that gentle bend lies one of biology's most elegant signalling systems, in which a single hormone, redistributed with remarkable precision, sculpts the entire architecture of a plant.
The Crowded Stop at Piccadilly Gardens: Receptors, Rush Hour and the Rules of Cellular Reception
Pharmacology Explainers

The Crowded Stop at Piccadilly Gardens: Receptors, Rush Hour and the Rules of Cellular Reception

Anyone who has waited for the 142 on a rainy Manchester afternoon knows that crowd size changes everything. Cells face the same arithmetic at their membranes, where receptor density and ligand competition determine whether a signal arrives crisply or dissolves into noise.
When the Alarm Cannot Be Silenced: Inside the Cytokine Storm
Disease Mechanisms

When the Alarm Cannot Be Silenced: Inside the Cytokine Storm

A fever is the immune system's smoke alarm doing its job; a cytokine storm is that alarm fused on, filling the house with heat while the fire spreads. We trace the signalling pathways that separate a controlled immune response from a runaway one, and why some treatments for severe flu and COVID-19 deliberately fight the body rather than the virus.
The Pavilion Crowd's Silver Streaks: What Greying Hair Reveals About the Biology of Ageing
Ageing Biology

The Pavilion Crowd's Silver Streaks: What Greying Hair Reveals About the Biology of Ageing

On a summer afternoon at any county cricket ground, silver hair abounds — and each one is a record of a signalling conversation that quietly failed. This article follows the melanocyte stem cell from its niche in the hair follicle to its slow retreat, and explains why the greying follicle has become one of the most instructive models in tissue ageing research.
A Warning Carried on the Breeze: The Molecular Language of the English Hedgerow
Plant Signalling

A Warning Carried on the Breeze: The Molecular Language of the English Hedgerow

When a caterpillar begins to chew a leaf, the wounded plant does something remarkable: it exhales a chemical alarm that its neighbours can smell and act upon. This article traces the airborne signalling pathway behind that whisper, and asks what it means for British fields, gardens and allotments.
Standing on the Platform at Clapham Junction: A Molecular Account of the Morning Delay
Disease Mechanisms

Standing on the Platform at Clapham Junction: A Molecular Account of the Morning Delay

The delayed train is a trivial inconvenience, yet the body answers it with the same machinery evolved for mortal danger. We trace the sympathetic signalling cascade from hypothalamus to adrenaline surge to cortisol's slower arrival — and ask what repeated, unrecovered activation does to a system built for emergencies.
When the Signal Loses Its Sting: Desensitisation, from Bakery Kitchens to Blue Inhalers
Pharmacology Explainers

When the Signal Loses Its Sting: Desensitisation, from Bakery Kitchens to Blue Inhalers

Cells are bombarded with chemical messages that demand attention, yet they cannot afford to respond at full strength forever. This article examines desensitisation and adaptation — the receptor-level machinery that lets a cell lower the volume — and why the same process explains both the fading smell of fresh bread and the waning power of a salbutamol inhaler.
The Line That Won't Go Dead: Immune Signalling and the Failure to Stand Down
Disease Mechanisms

The Line That Won't Go Dead: Immune Signalling and the Failure to Stand Down

Every immune response depends as much on a reliable off-switch as on a sharp alarm. This article examines what happens when T cells and cytokine pathways keep transmitting after the threat has gone, using rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis as clinical case studies, and how UK-led work on checkpoints and JAK inhibitors is restoring the silence.
The Beta Cell's Breakfast Audit: Tracing Every Step from Toast to Insulin
Pharmacology Explainers

The Beta Cell's Breakfast Audit: Tracing Every Step from Toast to Insulin

After a slice of toast or a full English, your pancreatic beta cells perform an extraordinary act of molecular accounting, converting rising blood glucose into a precisely calibrated burst of insulin. We walk the pathway step by step — and examine where GLP-1 drugs such as semaglutide plug into the same circuit.
Silence, Please: Why the End of a Signal Matters as Much as Its Beginning
Pharmacology Explainers

Silence, Please: Why the End of a Signal Matters as Much as Its Beginning

Much of cell signalling science concerns how messages are sent, yet the moment a message stops being heard is equally consequential. This article follows neurotransmitters into the machinery of reuptake and enzymatic destruction, and explains how SSRIs and nerve agents each hijack the same clean-up crew to very different ends.
A Garden Sting, Dissected: The Molecular Choreography of an Allergic Reaction
Disease Mechanisms

A Garden Sting, Dissected: The Molecular Choreography of an Allergic Reaction

Few British summers pass without someone leaping off a deckchair after a bee encounter. Behind the yelp lies a precisely choreographed signalling cascade — one that explains how the immune system recognises a threat, amplifies its message, and occasionally overreacts.
Fifty Milliseconds to Safety: The Remarkable Journey of a Withdrawal Reflex
Disease Mechanisms

Fifty Milliseconds to Safety: The Remarkable Journey of a Withdrawal Reflex

Touch a hot pan and your hand is moving before you have consciously registered any pain. We trace that signal from fingertip to spinal cord and back, and ask what happens when a disease such as multiple sclerosis interferes with the same pathway.
Ethanol at the Synapse: The Molecular Story Behind Every Round Bought
Pharmacology Explainers

Ethanol at the Synapse: The Molecular Story Behind Every Round Bought

Alcohol is one of the few drugs Britons can buy with their shopping, yet its actions at the synapse remain widely misunderstood. From GABA enhancement to glutamate rebound, we follow ethanol's molecular conversation — and explain why the morning after feels so punishing.
Second Brain, First Post: What Your Gut Microbes Are Actually Saying to Your Head
Pharmacology Explainers

Second Brain, First Post: What Your Gut Microbes Are Actually Saying to Your Head

The gut microbiome produces chemical signals that reach the brain — but separating the rigorous science from the wellness-industry marketing requires a pharmacologist's eye. Here is what the evidence on short-chain fatty acids, tryptophan and the vagus nerve genuinely supports.

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